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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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1997-02-04
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MECHANISTS AND NONMECHANISTS
If there is a real controversy
today in the field of perception,
it is not so much among
followers of different theories
as it is between those who hold
a different philosophy about
explanation in perception.
Some believe that we have
already reached a point where
explanation of perceptual
phenomena is possible in terms
of known neural mechanisms.
More particularly, I am
referring to such mechanisms
as the activity of neurons in
the retina or the brain that
respond to the presence of
certain features of the stimulus
on the retina, described by
what is now known as feature-
detector theory. Another
example would be lateral-
inhibition theory. The guiding
philosophy of these approaches
is that, once the appropriate
stimulus impinges on the
appropriate region of the
retina, the appropriate cell or
cells in the brain will be
triggered to discharge. These
explanations can be thought of
as mechanistic, which simply
means that a mechanism is
posited that will lead
automatically and inexorably
to a particular perception. The
process is generally assumed to
be bottom-up. There is thus no
need to invoke explanations
that entail past experience,
"hypotheses," "decisions,"
"inference," or "problem-
solving." Therefore, effects
such as those of preferred
perceptions, of holistic
organization, and those based
on attention pose difficulties
for this approach. For a
nonmechanistic theory, these
very processes and effects are
often central to the
explanation. Here there is some
degree of flexibility. The
process is often in part top-
down.
Feature-detector theory holds
that we can explain the
perception of object properties
or events by the discharging of
neurons in the brain sensitive
to (tuned to) certain
characteristics of the stimulus
on the retina. We have
discussed contour or edge
detectors (Chapters 5 and 6),
motion detectors (Chapter 7),
and disparity-depth detectors
(Chapter 3). It is of interest to
note that, for this theory, the
critical sensory information is
peripheral: the orientation or
motion of an image on the
retina. The brain cell that does
the detecting is simply
responsive to that peripheral
fact. However, because the
determining physiological
event is the discharging of a
neuron in the brain, it would
not be appropriate to designate
this theory as peripheral.